Direction of electromagnetic waves from solar container communication stations

How does space weather affect radio communication and navigation?

Sensitive, low-power radio communication and navigation systems can be limited in their operational reliability or accuracy by space weather effects including anomalous reflection, refraction, delay, diffraction, and absorption of radio waves propagating through the ionosphere or directly by interference from solar radio bursts.

How do spacecraft communicate?

Information is modulated onto radio frequency electromagnetic waves and sent over a channel, through the atmosphere or space, to the receiving system where it is demodulated (Figure 9.2). Figure 9.2: Atmospheric opacity of the electromagnetic wave spectrum with the infrared and radio windows used by spacecraft for communication.

What ionospheric phenomena affect satellite radio signals?

Other more regional ionospheric phenomena that have an impact on satellite radio signals include sporadic E-layer (Es), equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs), plasma patches, auroral precipitation and polar cap absorption.

How do solar flares affect HF communication?

Solar flares produce copious amounts of electromagnetic radiation, the X-ray component of which increases the ionisation of the ionospheric D layer. HF communication generally depends on the reflection of signals from the higher F layer and such signals must travel through the D layer at least twice.